نشریه انسان پژوهی دینی
پیاپی 16 (بهار و تابستان 1387)

Just as any Divine religion, Judaism includes some inner teachings originating from revelation and Divine teachings of prophets. Kabbalah is known as Jewish mysticism. The branch of knowledge is a mixture of true and false matters; the very fact that when regarding its political and social effects, would become more clear. The secret-like heresy, always considered as an active pretence and as a political phenomenon mystically justified in Kabbalah, has been an effective agent against Judaism rivals and enemies. The phenomenon has been harmful to all human kinds including the followers of true Judaism. The suspecting entrance of such Jewish figures as Pollos, Abu Horayreh and Ka, bol Ahbar in Christianity and Islam, such sects like Vahhabiyat, Babiyat and Bahaeeyat as well as Freemasonry and its spreading all over the world, particularly its concentration on Muslem communities and even collapsing of Ottoman Empire can be justified as the effects of the secret-like heresy.

Decadence cannot be regarded a new subject-matter; it, however, has become appear in some new modes and, therefore, focused on in discussions made by Muslim scholars and men of politics. In other words, since all theoretical and practical efforts made by Muslims to solve the problem, have been proved fruitless and a great number of obstacles has been put on the way by western colonialists, the subject has been of additional importance today. Regardless of the efforts of Muslims, there are many differences on the subject in Muslim worlds. Perhaps one can know an ambiguity in the meaning of decadence as the most essential cause. Therefore the author, relying on some permanent works in the field of political thought of Muslims, has intended to present a clear meaning for the word.

As is commonly believed by Imamiyeh jurisprudents, a murder commitment made in religiously- prohibited months would cause an increment in blood money to one third. The increment is called taghlize diyeh, increasing blood money. The increasing includes all three kinds of murder commitments, namely intentional, quasi-intentional and unintentional ones, the very meaning written down in Islamic punishment law. It should be stated that though the four months have been Qoranically judged to be forbidden, the problem of taghliz is not Qoranic. In this paper, the traditions of taghliz have been deeply studied. In this way, it has been argued that there can not be found any clear designation for taghliz in unintentional murder. In addition, it is clear that unintentional murders do not break any prohibition. Therefore, the pen has concluded that taghliz is limited to intentional and quasi-intentional murders and does not include unintentional murder.

Legitimacy has always been focused on in philosophy and political thought. For Jean Jacques Rousseau, changing authority to right and obedience to duty would cause a state to live a long life. The very right and duty establish the foundations of legitimacy. In contemporary social theory of government, legitimacy has been known the most important component of sovereignty, the fact agreed with by both, states and citizens. The sources of legitimacy differ in various political systems. In Islamic Republic of Iran, three theories can be found in the field: that of assignment, that of election and the earthly and Divinely combined one. In this paper, it has viewed that the foundation of legitimacy in Shiite political system consists in Divine revelation. A completely qualified jurisprudent is regarded to be Divinely assigned and legal for establishing Divine law. On the other hand, regardless of people's participation, the political system would not be effective and agreed with by people.
Furthermore, it may be counted a kind of social treaty between Muslim governor and people. The approach of the system lies in essentiality of religious duty and happiness of society, the facts of which comes its legitimacy.

In the time of information-explosion, producing knowledge directly leads to powerful living. Many verses of the holy Qoran including the verses 1-5 in Alaq, 28 in Faater, 269 in Baqareh, 9 in zomar and 11 in Mojadeleh as well as many passages by the Prophet and his household have given the most weight to learning and teaching. By many verses and traditions we understand the ways of showing respect and love to teacher; of them can be referred to as: esteeming teacher, expressing humility to teacher, observing the moral of speech and deeds before him or her and overlooking his or her probable infraction.

This paper, having presented Muslim scholar's views on motivation and the agents causing human actions and relying on a passage by Imam Ali, has introduced a model for Islamic theory of motivation. The passage relied on has classified people in three groups on the basis of their form of action and worship: the merchant, the slave and the free. The author, adding the groups to one another, has introduced seven types of responsibilities. It is viewed that these types are caused and changed by the environmental and subjective agents. Among the matters dealt with in the paper, are the properties of the introduced model, the possibility of arranging the agents in different grades, the levels in which the model can be used and the justification of its properties based on the fundamental conceptions chaos theory.

In the paper, the part of terminology of religiousness in education has been explained firstly and secondly the standards and grades of religiousness have been referred to. Then the pathology of the related terminology has been dealt with and some recommendations have been made.